- Base Layers (insulation)

- Middle Layers (insulation)

- Outer Layers (protection)

- Base Layers (insulation)

Base layers provides the first level of insulation.

Primary objective is the ability to retain heat

Secondly, the ability to stay dry or as quickly as possible.

With the vast variety of base layers available. We can choose according to our intended use.

For active use, do look out for *Moisture wicking properties *Ability to insulate even when wet

Ex.: Polyamide and wool (Merino wool is odor free)

*Very important for high intensity activities! (As too much heat is generated, this should be the only layer providing insulation)
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- Middle Layers (insulation)

The second layer of insulation.

The objective is to retain more heat.

There are only 2 kinds of jacket, Fleece and Down.

• Fleece jackets insulating properties is base on the density (GSM) of the material.

Breathable (not stuffy), water resistant and dries fast even when wet.

However wind can penetrate thus requires an outer-layer to work.

* Active use (~200gsm) is recommended

- Always start with only a base-layer and a shell! (Prevent overheating!)

- We may not need a fleece, wearing 2 base-layers can be more suitable.

* Leisure/ standstill (300gsm~) is recommended

• Down jackets Insulates and shields wind.

Not breathable, takes time to dry, tedious maintenance.

*Not recommended for active use

*Opt. for synthetic downs that insulates even when wet.

*Note: Not always water resistant ! (Check specs)

• TIP! - Sweaters, Sweat-shirts and Hoodlies can be used as a middle layer for leisure!
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- Outer Layers (protection)

The objective is to keep elements that affects insulation at bay.

(Protection from wind, rain and snow)

*Warmth will be raised significantly without wind.

A proper outer layer should remain breathable whilst being waterproof (usually features a membrane)

Key Specs to a proper outer layer:

- Waterproof rating (10,000mm~) (to stay protected)

- Hooded (Higher wind speeds may not be suitable for an umbrella)

- Vents (Heat regulation)

- Face fabric toughness (Outdoor activities will require a tougher face fabric)

*Depending on the intended use, we may not need a fully featured jacket. The style and comfort may not be desirable.